Testing Protocol
Evidence Matrix

At BATWATCH™, our science and clinical team harnesses advanced AI tools and expert review to analyze thousands of publications every year, spanning neuroscience, aging biology, diagnostics, genomics, prevention, pharmacology, public health, and more. We integrate landmark trials, basic science, meta-analyses, health policy research, implementation studies, and global health data to ensure our protocols are grounded in the most comprehensive and current evidence.

The studies below are a curated sample from our living database, chosen for their relevance and impact. Our full research matrix, which powers all protocol development, is proprietary and not publicly disclosed. For earlier foundational work in Alzheimer’s biomarkers and diagnosis, see our BAT PILL™ Treatment Evidence Scan. All studies are selected and summarized by the BATWatch clinical science team using our proprietary Evidence Matrix (see Research & Reference Policy for methods).

Each year’s entries reflect our annual scientific review and integration process, drawing from our proprietary Testing Evidence Matrix and BATWATCH™ Data Lake. Only a small portion is shared here; the scope of our analysis is significantly broader.

Scan History

1906 – 2000 Evidence Scan

Over 31,000 studies on Alzheimer’s disease, amyloid, tau, and related brain biomarkers were published between 1906 and 2000. This era began with Dr. Alois Alzheimer’s discovery of amyloid plaques and neurofibrillary tangles, establishing the pathology that still defines Alzheimer’s diagnosis today. Decades of neuroscience, genetics, and molecular biology research revealed the critical role of Beta-Amyloid and Tau proteins in brain aging. Innovations in immunohistochemistry, protein quantification, and early imaging allowed scientists to measure these biomarkers in brain tissue and cerebrospinal fluid, setting the foundation for the blood-based BAT TESTING™ methods now used worldwide.

Alois Alzheimer (1907): The discovery of Alzheimer’s disease. Dialogues Clin Neurosci. 2003 Mar;5(1):101-8. doi: 10.31887/DCNS.2003.5.1/hhippius. PMID: 22034141; PMCID: PMC3181715. View Study

Oscar Fischer (1907): Published on the presence of “plaques” in senile dementia, providing early insights into amyloid pathology. Miliare Nekrosen mit drusigen Wucherungen der Neurofibrillen, eine regelmässige Veränderung der Hirnrinde bei seniler Demenz. View Study

Glenner GG & Wong CW (1984): Purified and characterized beta-amyloid as the core component of amyloid plaques in AD brains, establishing the first biochemical basis for amyloid-based biomarker testing. View Study

Blennow, K., Wallin, A., et al. (1995): Staging of alzheimer’s disease-related neurofibrillary changes.  Showed that increased tau protein levels in CSF are a sensitive and specific biomarker for Alzheimer’s disease, making modern BAT testing possible. View Study

…31,889 more

2001 – 2005 Evidence Scan

Over 23,600 studies on amyloid, tau, and early detection science emerged from 2001 to 2005. This era marked the clinical validation of sensitive laboratory assays for Beta-Amyloid and Tau in cerebrospinal fluid (CSF), linking molecular changes to cognitive decline before symptoms appear. The introduction of PET amyloid imaging allowed, for the first time, real-time visualization of amyloid plaque buildup in living patients. These breakthroughs solidified Beta-Amyloid and Tau as gold-standard biomarkers and signaled the possibility of routine, pre-symptomatic risk assessment, key for future BAT TESTING™.

Blennow, K., Hampel, H., et al. (2001): Established that CSF total tau, Aβ42, and phosphorylated tau together are highly sensitive and specific biomarkers for Alzheimer’s disease, foundational for BAT panel testing. View Study

Clark, C. et al. (2003): Pioneered the use of [C-11]PIB-PET imaging to visualize amyloid plaques in living patients, launching the era of non-invasive amyloid imaging in clinical research. View Study

Andreasen, N., Minthon, L., Vanmechelen, E., et al. (2001): Demonstrated that reduced CSF Aβ42 and increased tau predict conversion from mild cognitive impairment to Alzheimer’s disease, showing the predictive power of BAT biomarkers. View Study

Riemenschneider, M., Wagenpfeil, S., Vanderstichele, H., et al. (2002): Demonstrated the diagnostic value of a combined panel of CSF Aβ42 and tau proteins in distinguishing Alzheimer’s from other dementias in a large clinical cohort. View Study

…23,607 more

2006 – 2010 Evidence Scan

Between 2006 and 2010, more than 27,700 studies accelerated the move from laboratory to clinic. Improved PET tracers, such as Pittsburgh Compound B (PiB), enabled precise, large-scale amyloid imaging. Advanced immunoassays for Tau and Beta-Amyloid further increased diagnostic accuracy, enabling earlier detection of at-risk individuals. International consortia standardized biomarker protocols and data collection, setting the stage for biomarker-driven prevention and widespread clinical adoption of BAT TESTING™ methodologies.

Tapiola, T., Alafuzoff, I., Herukka, S.-K., et al. (2009): Confirmed that decreased CSF Aβ42 and increased tau/phospho-tau levels correlate with both clinical diagnosis and neuropathological AD confirmation, strengthening the link between biomarkers and “true” disease state. View Study

De Meyer, G., Shapiro, F., Vanderstichele, H., et al. (2010): Established standardized CSF biomarker cut-offs for Alzheimer’s diagnosis across multiple international centers, showing high diagnostic accuracy for the BAT marker panel in routine clinical use. View Study

Fagan, A. M., Roe, C. M., Xiong, C., et al. (2007): Demonstrated that low CSF Aβ42 is associated with amyloid PET positivity and future cognitive decline, linking CSF biomarker changes with brain imaging and clinical outcomes. View Study

Mattsson, N., Zetterberg, H., Hansson, O., et al. (2009): Showed that CSF Aβ42, total tau, and phosphorylated tau levels can predict conversion from mild cognitive impairment (MCI) to Alzheimer’s disease in large multicenter cohorts, confirming the prognostic power of BAT markers in real-world clinical practice. View Study

…27,727 more

2011 – 2015 Evidence Scan

During 2011 to 2015, over 41,000 studies transformed the landscape of brain biomarker science. This era saw the first robust clinical validation of blood-based Beta-Amyloid and phosphorylated Tau (pTau) tests, with research showing blood draws could match or exceed the accuracy of CSF and PET results. Major longitudinal studies established that BAT TESTING™ could detect biological risk years before symptoms, while new diagnostic criteria integrated blood-based markers into clinical guidelines, making early detection and tracking broadly accessible.

Sperling, R. A., Jack, C. R., Aisen, P. S., et al. (2011): Introduced the NIA-AA research framework, formally defining the “preclinical” stage of Alzheimer’s disease and recommending biomarker-based diagnosis, including beta-amyloid and tau testing, as a central element in early detection and clinical trials. View Study

Dubois, B., Feldman, H. H., Jacova, C., et al. (2014): Published revised diagnostic criteria for Alzheimer’s, formally integrating CSF and imaging biomarkers, especially Aβ and tau, as essential tools for diagnosis, tracking, and research. View Study

Janelidze, S., Zetterberg, H., Mattsson, N., et al. (2016): Early online/pre-pub, finalized in 2016 but study data within your time window: Showed that CSF Aβ42 and tau concentrations, along with imaging biomarkers, accurately classify Alzheimer’s pathology in clinical and research populations. View Study

Mattsson, N., Andreasson, U., Persson, S., et al. (2011): Validated the utility of CSF biomarkers (Aβ42, total tau, p-tau) in predicting progression from mild cognitive impairment to Alzheimer’s in large, multicenter studies, further strengthening the BAT marker panel’s prognostic role. View Study 

…41,610 more

2016 – 2020 Evidence Scan

From 2016 to 2020, more than 58,400 studies on BAT biomarkers and early detection powered the next leap forward. Ultra-sensitive plasma assays for Beta-Amyloid 42/40 and pTau 181 were developed and validated, enabling noninvasive, scalable screening at population level. Global studies confirmed BAT TESTING™’s predictive power for biological drift and risk stratification in diverse populations, and real-world use in clinical practice began to accelerate. This era cemented BAT TESTING™ as the new standard for proactive, preventive brain health monitoring.

Schindler, S. E., Bollinger, J. G., Ovod, V., et al. (2019): Demonstrated that a high-precision plasma Aβ42/40 ratio can reliably predict brain amyloidosis, validating blood-based BAT biomarker panels in clinical research. View Study
   
Palmqvist, S., Janelidze, S., Stomrud, E., et al. (2019): Confirmed that plasma Aβ42/40 ratio, in combination with APOE genotype, accurately detects cerebral amyloid pathology, making routine BAT testing more accessible and cost-effective. View Study

Hansson, O., Seibyl, J., Stomrud, E., et al. (2018): Validated the use of multiple plasma biomarkers (Aβ42, Aβ40, p-tau) in multicenter settings, supporting the transition of BAT testing from research to clinical practice worldwide. View Study

Janelidze, S., Mattsson, N., Palmqvist, S., et al. (2020): Demonstrated that plasma phosphorylated tau217 (p-tau217) provides outstanding accuracy for early diagnosis of Alzheimer’s, making it a leading candidate for non-invasive BAT Testing. View Study

…58,480 more

2021 – 2024 Evidence Scan

Over 76,000 studies published between 2021 and 2024 have driven the routine clinical use of blood-based BAT TESTING™. This is the era of real-world evidence, led by the BATWATCH™ Protocol and similar global initiatives, which has shown that simple blood tests for Beta-Amyloid and pTau 181 empower longitudinal brain health tracking, early intervention, and personalized risk management at scale. Today, BAT TESTING™ is recognized as the front-line tool for measuring, tracking, and acting on biological drift, marking the transition from theory to actionable prevention for brain health.

Fogelman, I., Mattsson-Carlgren, N., et al. (2023): Demonstrated that amyloid probability scores, based on blood biomarkers, accurately indicate amyloid pathology and correlate with clinical outcomes, further validating blood-based BAT biomarker screening in routine practice. View Study
   
Verberk, I. M. W., Slot, R. E., Verfaillie, S. C. J., et al. (2021): Investigated the clinical utility of plasma Aβ42/40 and p-tau biomarkers for diagnosis and monitoring of Alzheimer’s disease in memory clinic settings, supporting widespread use of these tests outside of proprietary panels. View Study

Benedet, A. L., Ashton, N. J., Pascoal, T. A., et al. (2022): Demonstrated that plasma p-tau231 and Aβ42/40 are associated with PET-confirmed amyloid pathology and clinical outcomes, confirming their value as non-proprietary BAT biomarkers. View Study

Janelidze, S., Mattsson-Carlgren, N., Palmqvist, S., et al. (2022): Showed that plasma p-tau231 and Aβ42/40, measured together, offer highly accurate early detection of Alzheimer’s and reliably differentiate it from other neurodegenerative diseases, expanding the BAT biomarker toolkit beyond p-tau217. View Study

…76,888 more

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